Dogs Know To Look Away When Humans Are Angry

"It could be my fault... better submit..."

PHOTO BY PHILIP BUMP ON FLICKR, LICENSED VIA CC BY 2.0

Nature // 

We attribute a lot of emotions to our pets. As pet owners and animal lovers, we've devised our own methods for determining when they're feeling happy or sad, and now, research shows dogs likely can sense when we're angry, and they've seemingly evolved to respond accordingly.

Research out of the University of Helsinki in Finland has found that dogs can pinpoint threatening facial expressions in humans, and the way they look at those angry faces is quite different from how they look at neutral or pleasant faces. The researchers showed 31 domesticated dogs (who are experienced in eye tracking tests and were trained to watch a screen) pleasant, neutral, and threatening human and dog facial expressions. They then used infrared cameras to track the eye gaze of the dog for each expression, where they looked first, and where they lingered.

A visualization of where dogs fix their gaze

FIGURE VIA PLOS ONE RESEARCH ARTICLE

When the dogs were shown a face, they first looked at the area around the eyes, and tended to focus their gaze there the longest (similar to the way humans and other primates behave). The dogs would then determine the meaning of the expression by looking at the face as a whole, not just taking cues from a part of the face (also similar to how humans view expressions). When the dog test subjects encountered a frightening dog face, they would focus on the mouth area of the face, and stare longer. A threatening human face would elicit a much more evasive behavior, "apparently avoiding looking at them," the paper says.

"The tolerant behavior strategy of dogs toward humans may partially explain the results. Domestication may have equipped dogs with a sensitivity to detect the threat signals of humans and respond them with pronounced appeasement signals," researcher Sanni Somppi said in a press release.

[via Washington Post]

By  Lindsey Kratochwill

Doggy Genes

Dogs are “man’s best friends,” but do we know about their origins?

Article by Paula Garcia

Uncovering the origins of the dog starts by looking at its genome.

Dogs have been beside us for thousands of years, but until very recently, little was known about both their genetic origins and their domestication process. Researchers around the world have been investigating dog genes from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), to compile complete genomes. The research has also given important insight towards the origin of the first dogs and the specific genes that cause diseases that both humans and dogs share, such as diabetes.

The Origin of Species

Dogs are direct descendents of the grey wolf.

Until canine gene research began, many people assumed that dogs were close descendants of wolves that were domesticated by primitive humans to aid in hunting about 15,000 years ago.¹Through gene research, scientists have been able to clearly prove that dogs are, in fact, straight descendants of the grey wolf (Canis lupus), and were domesticated as early as 45,000 to 135,000 thousand years ago. The domestication process of dogs began from separate and distinct populations throughout East Asia, which then interbred and backcrossed. Backcrossing, the breeding between an individual with its parents or siblings, allowed generations to develop homogenetic breeds. Researchers distinguished four maternal clades, or matriarchal lines, according to genetic differences. Each clade indicates the particular origin of a breed or group of breeds based on the breed’s genetic background, specifically the genetic of mtDNA. The largest and first clade holds the genes of most known breeds, further supporting the fact that dogs may have been domesticated prior to the dates that archeological records indicate. The other three clades were formed afterwards and encompass more specific and unique dog breeds. However, each clade gives insight into the original maternal lineage of modern dog breeds.²

Custom-Made Companions

The selective breeding of dogs by humans has led to a wide variety of breeds.

Dogs are one of the first examples of human manipulation of nature. Primitive humans initiated the evolution of dogs by breeding specific phenotypes of wolves, even without our modern knowledge of genetics. Through selection against genes for aggression and other traits predominant in wolves, the first domesticated generation of “dogs” began an evolutionary change. Subsequent generations had less harsh or menacing features; limbs and bone structure became smaller and new traits such as barking, a unique trait that is distinct from a howl because of tone and pitch, emerged.¹ Dog breeds were then created by humans who wanted a specific kind of dog: a herder, a hunter, a guard, or a guide. Scientists have determined that specific dog breeds developed because of controlled breeding and possibly pre-natal modifications, although the real mechanics of how dog breeds specifically emerged are still unknown. Through very close and controlled breeding, different breeds continued to evolve. Tracing the lineage of each specific modern breed is complicated, however, because mtDNA can only show the mutations that occurred in the early stages of domestication. Any modifications of genes found in mtDNA are those that occurred prior to the creation of modern breeds. In other words, the full extent of gene modification in modern breeds is still very much unknown and is currently being researched.²

To determine the lineage of individual breeds, loci research, which is based on the location of genes on chromosomes, has to be implemented. Loci research detects the genetic changes that might have occurred because of a genetic drift, of movement of a gene from one chromosome to another.² This allows researchers to see divergence in allele frequencies and distinguish between breeds. Further research on loci has shown that dog breeds can be clustered by ancestry. Several clusters have already been determined: K2 includes all breeds of Asian origin, such as the Akita and the Shar Pei; K3 includes mastiff-type dogs, such as the Bulldog and the Boxer; and K4 includes working-type dogs and hunting breeds, such as the Collie and the Sheepdog.²

Mapping the Genome

Early research began in the late 1990s, but advances were minimal because genetic research was predominantly focused on humans and mice. By 2004, however, scientists had created a fully integrated radiation hybrid map of a dog genome. An integrated hybrid map is a genome map made from DNA fragments which are divided through radiation. These fragments are then synthetically injected and reproduced inside a hybrid cell made from the DNA of two individual species.² This allowed further research initiatives to identify specific breed genomes and to create a comparative map between human and dog genes. In 2005, the largest canine sequence, the Boxer genome, was made public. It revealed that dog genes replicate at lower rates than humans and the deletions or insertions of nucleotide bases are rare. Following this discovery, mapping of other breeds became easier because similar sequences, certain genes that are linked together, divide dogs into two groups with similar gene structures. One group probably developed from the first domestication and the second from specific breeding. Therefore genome-wide association mapping can be used for later construction of breed genomes.²

This chart shows the different allele frequencies found in the K2, K3, and K4 cluster.

Benefits of Canine Genome Research

Because the canine genome has fewer reported genes than the human genome, and is more primitive in content, it allows for an easier insight into disorders present in both human and dogs, such as cancer, diabetes and narcolepsy. Diseases linked to specific dog genes and loci can help identify similarly linked genes in humans. This advancement allows human biologist to identify the mechanisms that may cause certain diseases, and to identify the interaction between genes and their effects on diseases. For example, the discovery of the gene that targets narcolepsy on dogs has indicated how certain genes in the human body relate to our sleep patterns and disorders. It has also opened a new approach to cancer research. By identifying the sources, origins, and developments of cancer and tumors in dogs through canine genes, researchers may understand the predisposition and susceptibility of genes to cancer.

References

¹ Dogs Decoded: Nova. Dir. Dan Childs. Nova, 2010. Film.

² Ostrander, E. & R. W. (2005): The canine genome: genome research. 15: 1706-1716. Web. <http://genome.cshlp.org/content/15/12/1706.full>.

http://www.bu.edu/synapse/2011/11/27/doggy-genes/

Understanding Canine Aggression

by Lisa Mullinax, CPDT-KSA When our dogs exhibit aggressive behaviors, it is always upsetting. After all, we give our dogs food, shelter, a never-ending supply of dog toys and this is how they repay us? What is aggression? Aggression is normal and natural behavior in dogs and every other species of animal.  Are we surprised when a cat hisses and scratches a child that is pestering it?  What about a horse that kicks when surprised?  Or a tiger that mauls someone who enters its zoo enclosure?  Do we question the sanity of a homeowner that shoots an armed intruder?  In all other respects, we accept aggressive behavior in other species.  And yet, aggression in dogs is not only considered unacceptable, but is often a death sentence for the dog. Aggression is really a category of behaviors, all of which are designed to protect dogs from a perceived threat. These behaviors include: Barking Growling Tooth displays of varying degrees "Muzzle punch" (striking with a closed mouth) Snapping (without contact) Biting without injury Biting with varying degrees of injury There are many non-aggressive ways dogs attempt to avoid or escape a threatening situation before escalating to aggressive behaviors but too often these early warning signs aren't recognized by most dog owners. Why is my dog doing this to me? Aggressive behavior in dogs is most frequently caused by fear and stress due to various factors including, but not limited to: Lack of proper and early socialization (prior to 14 weeks of age) Lack of training Unskilled use of aversive training methods/equipment (1) Traumatic experience Genetic predisposition (bad breeding practices) Medical issues can also be a cause of aggressive behavior in dogs. In the last ten years, dogs that came to us with reported aggression were diagnosed (by the dog's veterinarian) with hypothyroidism, Cushing's Disease, mast cell cancer, urinary tract infections, hip and elbow dysplasia, and arthritis. Some types of aggression may be neurological.  There was a popular internet video of a dog protecting his bone from his own foot. This is a very good example of a behavior problem that has medical or neurological causes. These types of behaviors require the assistance of a veterinary behaviorist, as training is not enough. What are NOT causes of aggression: "Spoiling" the dog (2) Playing tug games Not being pack leadery enough In most cases we see, the main causes of aggressive behavior are lack of or improper early socialization and/or the unskilled use of aversive methods and equipment, either on their own or at the hands of an individual advertising as dog trainer. Triggers There is no such thing as an "aggressive dog," as no dog walks around exhibiting aggressive behaviors 24 hours per day.  Aggression is always a response to something in the dog's environment, whether it is the action of a human, the sudden appearance of another dog, pain caused by injury or illness, and more. This is called an antecedent, which means a preceding occurrence, cause or event. Every trigger is followed by a behavior.  For example, an owner gives their dog the cue "Sit," the dog sits and the owner gives the dog a treat.  The cue "Sit" is the antecedent, the action of sitting is the behavior and the treat is the consequence. All dog behaviors, including aggression, follow the ABC's: Antecedent > Behavior > Consequence The antecedent is also referred to as a trigger.  In most cases of aggression, the triggers follow a pattern.  Sometimes the pattern is easy to see, such as when a person reaches toward your dog.  Other times, it can be more difficult, as there could be multiple triggers, or the triggers are not visual, but something the dog hears or smells. In order to determine what is causing your dog's aggressive behavior, it is necessary to gather a detailed history of each incident which can help establish a pattern of triggers. A professional trainer can work with you to determine the patterns with your dog's behavior. Once these triggers are identified, a training/behavior plan can be devised. Isn't it all about dominance and pack leadership? There's no shortage of websites claiming that "dominance is the leading cause of aggression." But is that really the case?  The subject of dominance is worthy of it's own article and we recommend Dominance: The "Dirty" Word for a complete definition and explanation of what it is and what it is not. Bottom line: The vast majority of aggression is based in fear, not our dogs' desire for total world domination...in which case they would still be reliant on our opposable thumbs and bank accounts for their basic survival. Aggression and Breed No matter what the headlines say, no matter what one person's individual experience has been, breed is never a predictor of aggression. Golden Retrievers are just as capable of aggression towards humans or other dogs as Pit Bull-type breeds are capable of working as therapy dogs and search and rescue dogs. While some breeds, including Mastiffs, Dobermans, Akitas and others, were selected for their excellent guarding abilities, this does not necessarily mean that each individual of that breed will make a good guard dog. Just as not all Border Collies are good at herding sheep, there are many guarding breeds who enjoy the attention of strangers and make horrible watch dogs. Breed, alone, is not enough to determine whether or not a dog will develop or display aggressive behavior.  It is the individual dog, their history, and the behaviors they present, not the breed, that must be considered. Predicting aggression Except in very rare cases, aggression is not random. This is why a dog that shows aggression toward strange dogs is not likely to act aggressively towards family members. A dog that displays aggression towards strange people may be perfectly friendly when meeting new dogs. So why does it seem to occur without warning? Dogs give numerous subtle signals of anxiety or discomfort that aren't recognized by most dog owners. When these signs of stress are ignored, the dog may escalate to a signal that is more obvious, such as growling, snarling or snapping. Common signs of stress/anxiety include: Avoidance of people or other dogs (Looking away, turning away, walking away, etc.) Repetitive yawning Repetitive licking of the lip/nose Tense body language Slow movement Low tail carriage Backward ear carriage When owners fail to recognize these signs, they may continue to put the dog in stressful situations. Finally, the dog escalates to a clear sign of discomfort, causing the owners to claim the dog was "fine" previously and that the aggression appeared without warning. A professional trainer will teach you how to read your dog's body language, so you will be able to recognize when your dog is anxious. Dogs don't bite when a growl will do Dogs make choices in the form and level of aggression they use to communicate with us or with other dogs. If a minor form of communication, such as a small growl, is enough to achieve the goal of stopping a person from taking a bone or another dog from mounting, the dog has no need to escalate to a higher level of aggression. Even when biting, dogs make decisions as to the location and severity of the bite. The vast majority of bites inflicted by dogs never cause injury. These are still bites, by definition, but the dog has chosen to use a warning without injuring the offending person or dog. Because dogs are so much faster and more accurate than we are, these non-injurious bites are not because the human moved quickly enough to avoid the bite, but that the dog chose not to cause damage. For information about the levels of dog bites see Dr. Ian Dunbar's Dog Bite Scale, which many trainers use as a guideline. How do you stop aggression? Aggression is not an illness or something that can be removed, it is an instinctive reaction to a perceived threat. Just as no one can train you not to defend your family if they are threatened by an intruder, you can not train out a dog's instinct to protect itself. What training and behavior modification CAN do is decrease your dog's stress around the situations that used to trigger aggressive responses, teach your dog an alternate behavior she can perform in those situations (such as look at you instead of bark at strangers), and even form positive associations to the situations that were previously a problem. The level of positive association will depend on many different factors. In the case of dog-dog aggression, some dogs may eventually be able to play with new dogs after a careful introduction. For others, they may only learn to tolerate dogs at a distance (such as walks), but never learn to like other dogs. In order for a behavior modification plan to be successful, a careful management strategy must be implemented. This strategy will be customized to each dog and household and will be designed to prevent aggressive behavior from recurring while you are going through the training process. Punishment is not the answer Many owners and even some people advertising as trainers believe that the best way to address aggression is to provoke the dog into reacting, then applying some form of punishment to teach the dog that aggression is "wrong." However, when a dog is pushed to the point that it reacts aggressively, the sympathetic nervous system is activated. Most people know this as the "fight or flight" response. When the sympathetic nervous system is engaged, the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates all other functions, disengages, shutting down digestion and other non-essential functions, inhibiting the dog's ability to learn.   When the dog is pushed to the point of extreme stress, he or she is in survival mode and no longer learning. This is why when we experience acute stress, such as fear (bear circling your tent), anxiety (a letter from the IRS) or trauma (grief), food doesn't seem remotely appealing and it is difficult to concentrate. This is why there is still a belief that "food doesn't work with aggressive dogs" among those who don't understand how stress affects learning. Traumatic events, however, DO get remembered in this state. If the dog sees another dog, barks and then is jerked, kicked or shocked, the dog is not going to learn what he is doing is "wrong," but will very likely associate the aversive methods with the presence of other dogs, creating a more negative association than before. Aversive methods often appear to work because they can suppress aggressive displays. However, this is just hiding the symptoms without addressing the underlying cause of the aggressive behavior. While a squirt bottle or can full of pennies may stop your dog from barking at the window in the moment, it will not change the dog's association to dogs walking past his house.  This is like cold medicine. Cold medicine can clear the sneezing, runny nose and other symptoms as long as you keep taking the medicine, but it doesn't cure the common cold. In order to change the dog's behavior permanently, we have to change the dog's association to that situation through desensitization and counter-conditioning. How long will it take? The amount of time it will take and the level of success you can achieve depends on a variety of factors outside the trainer's control. First and foremost is your commitment, including how consistently you follow the trainer's instructions and how often you practice the new exercises assigned. Implementing exercises and suggestions from several different sources (tv shows, friends, neighbors, etc.) can undermine the success of your dog's behavior program. Factors such as early experiences and genetics also play a critical role in the amount of time and effort it will take to reach your goals. A dog that was not adequately socialized in the first few months' of its life will require more time and work than a dog that was well-socialized as a puppy. A dog that was fearful at 8 weeks of age will require more work than a dog that was confident at that age. In some cases, changing your dog's behavior and preventing further incidents of aggression may be relatively simple and quick. In other cases, it may be a lifelong process. When working with aggression, we have to work within the timeframe our dogs give us or risk setting up the dog to fail. Factors for success Unfortunately, not every dog and owner will be successful with their behavior modification program. After medical and other factors that training can't affect, dissatisfaction with results of a behavior modification program is most often due owners who fail to meet the following requirements: 1. Must be committed to multiple lessons with a trainer. There is no quick fix for aggressive behavior. Because many dogs exhibiting aggression have little to no formal training, several sessions may first be needed to teach necessary skills before the dog is prepared to encounter dogs or people. If a dog can't walk on a leash when in a quiet area, how can he be expected to do so in times of high stress? 2.  Must be consistent. Owners who use a mix of "whatever works" never achieve true change.  Punishment one day and reinforcement the next is only going to confuse the dog. 3. Must have a lifestyle compatible with management. If a dog with stranger-directed aggression lives in a busy household with many guests coming and going, the prognosis for success is lower than for the same dog living in a quiet household with few visitors. The ability to prevent problems while going through the training process is critical to success. 4. Must have realistic goals and expectations. Unfortunately, many owners expect training to change who their dog is completely or have a specific deadline that the dog must meet. Because dog training is an unregulated industry, any dog trainer can offer "guaranteed results" at any price. However, no trainer has control over the factors above, nor do they have the ability to alter a dog's genetics, medical condition(s), or past experiences, making such guarantees worthless in the end. Any behavior can be improved No matter how serious the aggressive behavior, improvements can always be made through both management and behavior modification.  Thanks to an ever-expanding field of study into the behavior of domestic dogs, we have gained the ability to adapt to each dog's individual needs, rather than use punishment as a blanket solution for every dog. Just by reading this article, you are already one step closer to changing your dog's behavior than you were yesterday. It can only get better from here! RELATED LINKS 7 Mistakes You're Making in Behavior Modification Stress Signs in Dogs On-Leash Frustration/Aggression Defining Aggression What Does An Aggressive Dog Look Like?

(1) Herron M, Shofer F, Reisner I. 2009. Survey of the use and outcome of confrontational and non-confrontational training methods in client-owned dogs showing undesired behaviors. Appl Anim. Behav. Sci, 117 47-54 (2) Voith, V.L., Wright, l.C. and Danneman, P.l., 1992. Is there a relationship between canine behavior problems and spoiling activities, anthropomorphism, and obedience training? Appl. Anim. Behav.Sci., 34: 263-272. http://4pawsu.com/understandingaggression.html

Breeds with the greatest percentage of dogs exhibiting serious aggression (bites or bite attempts) toward humans included

Breed differences in canine aggression

Deborah L. Duffy a , Yuying Hsu b , James A. Serpell a, * aCenter for the Interaction of Animals and Society, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA b Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan Accepted 18 April 2008

Abstract Canine aggression poses serious public health and animal welfare concerns.

Most of what is understood about breed differences in aggression comes from reports based on bite statistics, behavior clinic caseloads, and experts’ opinions. Information on breed-specific aggressiveness derived from such sources may be misleading due to biases attributable to a disproportionate risk of injury associated with larger and/or more physically powerful breeds and the existence of breed stereotypes.

The present study surveyed the owners of more than 30 breeds of dogs using the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (CBARQ), a validated and reliable instrument for assessing dogs’ typical and recent responses to a variety of common stimuli and situations.

Two independent data samples (a random sample of breed club members and an online sample) yielded significant differences among breeds in aggression directed toward strangers, owners and dogs (Kruskal–Wallis tests, P < 0.0001). Eight breeds common to both datasets (Dachshund, English Springer Spaniel, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Poodle, Rottweiler, Shetland Sheepdog and Siberian Husky) ranked similarly, rs = 0.723, P < 0.05; rs = 0.929, P < 0.001; rs = 0.592, P = 0.123, for aggression directed toward strangers, dogs and owners, respectively.

Some breeds scored higher than average for aggression directed toward both humans and dogs (e.g., Chihuahuas and Dachshunds) while other breeds scored high only for specific targets (e.g., dog-directed aggression among Akitas and Pit Bull Terriers).

In general, aggression was most severe when directed toward other dogs followed by unfamiliar people and household members.

 Breeds with the greatest percentage of dogs exhibiting serious aggression (bites or bite attempts) toward humans included Dachshunds, Chihuahuas and Jack Russell Terriers (toward strangers and owners); Australian Cattle Dogs (toward strangers); and American Cocker Spaniels and Beagles (toward owners).

 More than 20% of Akitas, Jack Russell Terriers and Pit Bull Terriers were reported as displaying serious aggression toward unfamiliar dogs. Golden Retrievers, Labradors Retrievers, Bernese Mountain Dogs, Brittany Spaniels, Greyhounds and Whippets were the least aggressive toward both humans and dogs.

Among English Springer Spaniels, www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Applied Animal Behaviour Science xxx (2008) xxx–xxx * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 215 898 1004; fax: +1 215 746 2090.

E-mail address: serpell@vet.upenn.edu (J.A. Serpell). 0168-1591/$ – see front matter # 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006 Please cite this article in press as: Duffy, D.L., et al., Breed differences in canine aggression, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006

http://140.122.143.143/yuyinghs/yuyinghsu/papers/DuffyHsuSerpell2008.pdf

Here are the findings from a decade of deaths in Australia at the hands, or paws, or jaws, or hooves, or whatever from the animals that have claimed human lives here in Australia during the last decade.

Animal related deaths in Australia:

During the 10 year period in question there were 254 deaths in Australia identified as animal related. Let’s see who is responsible, starting with the biggest culprits:

• Horse, pony or donkey – 77 deaths
• Cow, bull or bovine – 33 deaths
• Dog – 27 deaths
• Kangaroo – 18 deaths
• Bee – 16 deaths
• Shark – 16 deaths
• Snake – 14 deaths
• Crocodile – 9 deaths
• Ostrich or emu – 5 deaths
• Others, including fish, sheep, goats, camels, cats and jellyfish – 39 deaths

The actual cause of these fatalities varies with top of the list being falling off a horse, pony or donkey, followed by being crushed or trampled by one. These creatures along with cows, bulls, kangaroos, ostriches, emus and bovine animals were also responsible for a good number of motor vehicle accident fatalities between them, over 50 in all.

Deaths caused by dogs were mainly by bite, although three people died due to motor vehicle accidents caused by dogs and nine people simply fell over a dog. One person during the decade fell over a cat and died, as was mentioned in the video.

Death by bee was always as a result of anaphylactic shock.

I don’t think you need me to tell you how sharks, snakes and crocodiles claimed their human lives, but here’s a clue. None of them involved motor vehicle accidents.

http://www.bobinoz.com/blog/12250/australias-most-dangerous-animals-a-decade-of-death/

AUSTRALIAN DOG BITES CAUSING DEATH 1995 - 2011

It is believed that approximately 28 dogs were involved in 11 deaths between 1995 and 2011 in Australia.  One dog caused 6 fatalities (55%), Two dogs caused 2 fatalities (18%), Three to four dogs caused 2 fatalities (18%) and 11 dogs caused 1 fatality (9%). Ref 3

The four most popular Registered Pure-bred dogs according to the Australian National Kennel Council) were: Labrador Retriever (8.3%), German Shepherd (6.3%), Staffordshire Bull Terrier (5.9%) and Golden Retriever (4.8%) in eighth place is the  Rottweilers (2.4%).

Breeds involved in human deaths were: Rottweiler (4), Siberian Husky (1), Cattle Dog (1), Rottweiler X German Shepherd (1), Dingo X Labrador (1), Pit Bull X Mastiff (1), Great Dane X Mastiff (1), Great Dane X Bull Terrier (1), Medium size mixed breed (3), Large mixed breed (3) and Giant Mixed Breed (11) including Greyhounds, Mastiffs and Irish Wolfhounds.

Australia has an estimated dog population of 3,400,000 and an average of 1.1 fatalities per year (33 over the last 30 years), equating to one death per 3,090,909 dogs.

The following table shows the breeds responsible for these deaths.

Australian Dog Breeds Causing Death. YR 1995 - 2011

Breed	Deaths
Rottweiller	4
Husky	1
Cattle dog	1
Rottweiller GSD X	1
Dingo X lab	1
Pit bull X mastiff	1
Great dane x Mastiff	1
Gread dane x Bull terrier	1
Medium sized mixed breed	3
Large mixed breed	3
Giant mixed breed (11)	11
total	28

From such relatively low numbers of deaths caused by dogs in Australia you might wonder why  breed specific legislation (BSL) is being proposed.

Because the American Pit Bull Terrier (APBT) is not recognised as an official breed in Australia it isn't included in the statistics. It is believed that there are nearly 70,000 Pure-bred, registered “Pit Bull Types” (Staffordshire Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Bull Terrier & Bull Terrier) currently in Australia. Add to this number the unregistered 'pit bulls' and cross breeds and the numbers could be much higher.

It is believed that the American Staffordshire bull terrier (9,000 pure bred and 34,000 mixed breeds) is replacing the banned pit bull breeds such as the APBT.

The relatively low rate of one fatality per year in Australia makes extrapolation of these statistics useless. 

http://www.dogwalkersmelbourne.com.au/articles-dog-walking-pet-sitting/133-dog-kill-statistics

Australian DBRF'S--RSPCA Victorian chief executive Maria Mercurio says the policy has changed since 2009 as there is a lack of research showing pit bulls or any other breed is more prone to attack. "The statistics just aren't there," she says. "Most breeds of dogs can be aggressive and be violent if they are trained and kept that way. We have matured, and our opinion and our policy has evolved."

AUSTRALIAN DBRF'S....

INFANTS and young children remain most vulnerable to dog attack, with two children killed in NSW in the past five years, one in Western Australia, and another little girl in Victoria.

Two-week-old Kate Morey didn't stand a chance when her family's pet Siberian husky attacked her in her cot in Perth in 2007.

A nine-week-old girl from Pakenham on Melbourne's southeastern fringe also died after being dragged from her cot by the family rottweiler in the same year.

In NSW, three-year-old Ruby-Lea Burke died after being savaged by four bull mastiff crosses in the home of her babysitter at Whitton in 2009.

And in 2006, four-year-old Tyra Kuehne wandered into a neighbour's backyard and was killed by up to six dogs in Warren, 540km northwest of Sydney.

The dogs were various crossbreeds of boxer, greyhound, pit bull and mastiff, and had been trained for pig-hunting.

http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/dog-fight-brews-over-tough-laws/story-e6frg6z6-1226131681378